Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al contenuto principale Salta al piè di pagina del sito

Newsletter "Clinica dell'Alcolismo"

N. 47 (2016)

La terapia farmacologica dell’alcolismo: l’acamprosato e il nalmefene gli ultimi due farmaci anti-alcol approvati dagli organismi regolatori per la pratica clinica. Parte IV

Inviata
27 April 2017
Pubblicato
27-04-2017

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services Inc. (2012), Alcoholics Anonymous Attendance Monitoring, Alcoholics Anonymous www.aa.org.
  2. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1980), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC.
  3. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1987), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC.
  4. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1996), Manuale Diagnostico e Statistico dei Disturbi Mentali, 4° Ed. (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 1994), Masson, Milano.
  5. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2001), Manuale Diagnostico e Statistico dei Disturbi Mentali, 4° Ed. Tr. (DSM-IV-TR American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 2000), Masson, Milano.
  6. Angst J., Gamma A., Benazzi F., Ajdacic V., Eich D., Rossler W. (2003), “Toward a re-definition of subthreshold biloparity: Epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania”, Journal of Affective Disorders, 73: 133-146.
  7. Annis H.M., Martin G. (1985), Inventory of Dru-Taking Situations, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto.
  8. Anton R.F., Mohak D.H., Lathan P. (1995), “The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale: a self-rated instrument for the quantification of thoughts about alcohol and drinking behavior”, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19: 92-99.
  9. Anton R.F., Mohak D.H., Lathan P. (1996), “The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale: a new method of assessing outcomes in alcoholism treatment studies”, Archives of General Psychiatry, 53: 225-231.
  10. Annis H.M., Turner N.E., Sklar S.M. (1997), Inventory of Dru-Taking Situations: User’s Guidex, Addiction Research Foundation, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto.
  11. Anton R.F. (2008), “Naltrexone for the management of alcohol dependence”, New England Journal of Medicine, 359: 715-721.
  12. Anton R.F., O’Malley S.S., Ciraulo D.A., Cisler R.A., Couper D., Donovan D.M., Gastfriend D.R., Hosking J.D., Johnson B.A., LoCastro J.S., Longabaugh R., Mason B.J., Mattson M.E., Miller W.R., Pettinati H.M., Randall C.L., Swift R., Weiss R.D., Williams L.D., Zweben A., for the COMBINE Study Research Group (2006), “Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial”, JAMA, 295: 2003-2017.
  13. Azrin N.H., Sisson R.W., Meyers R., Godley M. (1982), “Alcoholism treatment by disulfiram and community reinforcement therapy”, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 13: 105-112.
  14. Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M. (1961), “An inventory for measuring depression”, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4: 561-571.
  15. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2005), Acamprosate: a new medication for alcohol use disorders, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville.
  16. Chick J., Howlett H., Morgan M.Y., Ritson B. for the UKMAS Investigators (2000), “United Kingdom Multicentre Acamprosate Study (UKMAS): A 6-month prospective study of acamprosate versus placebo in preventing relapse after withdrawal from alcohol”, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 35: 176-187.
  17. Cloninger C.R. (1987), “Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism”, Science, 236: 410-416. Cloninger C.R., Sigvardson S., Gilligan S.B., von Knorring A.L., Reich T., Bohman M. (1988), “Genetic heterogeneity and the classification of alcoholism”, Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, 7: 3-16.
  18. Cohen S., Kamarck T., Mermelstein R. (1983), “A global measure of perceived stress”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24: 385-396.
  19. Department of Veterans Affairs and Deparment of Defense (2009), VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Substance Use Disorders (SUD), Department of Veterans Affairs and Deparment of Defense, Washington.
  20. Derogatis L.R. Lipman R.S., Rickles K., Uhlenhuth E.H., Covi L. (1974), “The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSLC): a self-report symptom inventory” Behavioral Science, 19: 1-15.
  21. Derogatis L.R. (1993), BSI. Brief Synptom Inventory: Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual, 3rd Edition, National Computer Systems, Minneapolis.
  22. De Witte P. (2011), “Il controllo dell’astinenza nel trattamento della dipendenza da alcol: l’esemio dell’acamprosato”, Psichiatri Oggi, 2/3: 3-7.
  23. De Witte P., Littleton J., Parot P., Koob G.F. (2005), “Neuroprotective and abstinence-promoting effects of acamprosate: elucidating the mechanism of action”, CNS Drugs, 19: 517-537.
  24. Dolan P. (1997), “Modelling valutations for EuroQol health states”, Medical Care, 35: 1095-1108.
  25. Donoghue K., Elzerbi C., Saunders R., Whittington C., Pilling S., Drummond C. (2015), “The efficacy of acamprosate and naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence, Europe versus the rest of the world: a meta-analysis”, Addiction, 110: 920-930.
  26. Dranitsaris G., Selby P., Negrete J.C. (2009), “Meta-analyses of placebo-controlled trials of acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Impact of the combined pharmacotherapies and behavior interventions study”, Journal on Addiction Medicine, 3: 74-82.
  27. Drobes D.J., Anton R.F., Thomas S.E., Voronin K. (2004), “Effects of naltrexone and nalmefene on subjective response to alcohol among non-treatment-seeking alcoholics and social drinkers”, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28: 1362-1370.
  28. EuroQol Group (1990), “EuroQol-a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. The EuroQol Group”, Health Policy, 16: 199-208.
  29. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Gibbons M., Williams J.B.W. (1997), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) Clinical Version, American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC.
  30. Flannery B., Volpicelli J., Pettinati H.M. (1999), “Psychometric properties of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale”, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23: 1289-1295.
  31. Francois C., Rahhali N., Chalem Y., Sørensen P., Luquiens A., Aubin H.J. (2015), “The effects of as-needed nalmefene on patient-reported outcomes and quality of life in relation to a reduction in alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent patients”, PLoS One, 10: 1-13.
  32. Frye M.A., Salloum I.M. (2006), “Bipolar disorder and comorbid alcoholism: prevalence rate and treatment considerations”, Bipolar Disorders, 8: 677-685.
  33. Garbutt J.C., Kranzler H.R., O’Malley S.S., Gastfriend D.R., Pettunati H.M., Silverman B.L., Loewy J.W., Ehrich E.W., for the Vivitrex Study Group (2005), “Efficacy and tolerability of long-acting injectable naltrexone for alcohol dependence. A randomized controlled trial”, JAMA, 293: 1617-1625.
  34. Gual A., He Y., Torup L., van den Brink W., Mann K.; for the ESENSE 2 Study Group (2013), “A randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled, efficacy study of nalmefene, as-needed use, in patients with alcohol dependence”, European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23: 1432-1442.
  35. Guy W. (1976), Clinical Global Impressions in ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psycopharmacology, Revised, Psycopharmacology Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Rockville: 217-222.
  36. Hamilton M. (1959), “The assessment of anxiety states by rating”, British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32: 50-55.
  37. Hamilton M. (1967), “Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness”, British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6: 278-296.
  38. Hashimoto K., Sawa A., Iyo M. (2007), “Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders”, Biological Psychiatry, 62: 1313-1316.
  39. Hasin D., Trautman K., Miele G., Samet S., Smith M., Endicott J. (1996), “Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM): reliability for substance abusers”, American Journal of Psychiatry, 153: 1195-1201.
  40. Hays R.D., Shapiro M.F. (1992), “An overview of Generic Health- Related Quality of Life Measures for HIV Research”, Quality of Life Research, 1: 91-97.
  41. Hayes M.H.S., Patterson D.G. (1921), “Experimental development of the graphic rating scale”, Psychology Bulletin, 18: 98-99.
  42. Johnson B.A., O’Malley S.S., Ciraulo D.A., Roache J.D., Chambers R.A., Sarid-Segal O., Couper D. (2003), “Dose-ranging kinetics and behavioural pharmacology of naltrexone and acamprosate, both alone and combined, in alcohol-dependent subjects”, Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23: 281-293.
  43. Johnson B.A., Swift R.M., Addolorato G., Ciraulo D.A., Myrick H. (2005), “Safety and efficacy of GABAergic medications for treating alcoholism”, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29: 248-254.
  44. Jonas D.E., Amick H.R., Feltner C., Bobashew G., Thomas K., Wines R., Kim M.M., Shanahan E., Gass E., Rowe C.J., Garbutt J.C. (2014), “Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient setting. A systematic review and metaanalysis”, JAMA, 311: 1889-1900.
  45. Kadden R.P., Carrol K., Donovan D., Cooney N., Monti P., Abrams D., Litt M., Hester R. (1992), Cognitive-Behavioral Coping Skilss Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapist Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence, Project MATCH Monograph Series, vol. 4, eds.: Mattson M.E.,
  46. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Rockville.
  47. Karpyak V.M., Biernacka J.M., Geske J.R., Jenkins G.D., Cunningham J.M., Rüegg J., Kononenko O., Leontovich A.A., Abulseoud O.A., Hall-Flavin D.K., Loukionava L.L., Schneekloth T.D., Skime M.K., Frank J., Nöthen M.M., Rietschel M., Kiefer F., Mann K.F., Weinshilboum R.M., Frye M.A., Choi D.S. (2014), “Genetic markers associated with abstinence length in alcohl-dependent subjects treated with
  48. acamprosate”, Translation Psychiatry, 4, e453, doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.103
  49. Kiefer F., Jahn H., Tarnaske T., Helwig H., Briken P:, Holzback R., Kämpf P., Stracke R., Baehr R., Naber D., Wiedemann K. (2003), “Comparing and combining naltrexone and acamprosate in relapse prevention of alcoholism: a double-blind, placebocontrolled study”, Archives of General Psychiatry, 60: 92-99.
  50. Kiefer F., Andersohn F., Otte C., Wolf K., Jahn H., Wiederman K. (2004), “Long-term effects of pharmacotherapy on relapse prevention in alcohol dependence”, Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 16: 233-238.
  51. Kiefer F., Helwig H., Tarnaske T., Otte C., Jahn H., Wiedemann K. (2005), “Pharmacological relapse prevention of alcoholism: clinical predictors of outcome“, European Addiction Research, 11: 83-91.
  52. Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B. (2001), “The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure”, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16: 606-613.
  53. Lecrubier Y.H., Sheehan D.V., Weiler E., Amorin P., Bonora I., Sheehan K.H., Janavs J., Dunbar G. (1997), “The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according
  54. to the CIDI”, European Psychiatry, 12: 224-231.
  55. Lejoyeux M., Lehert P. (2011), “Alcohol-use disorders and depression: Results from individual patient data meta-analysis of the acamprosate-controlled studies”, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46: 61-67.
  56. Lesch O.M., Walter H. (1996), “Subtypes of alcoholism and their role in therapy”, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 31: 63-67.
  57. Lesch O.M., Dietzel M., Musalek M., Walter H., Zeiler K. (1988), “The course of alcoholism. Long-term prognosis in different types”, Forensic Science International, 36: 121-138.
  58. Lesch O.M., Walter H., Bonte W., Gruenberger M., Musalek M., Sprung R. (1991), Chronic alcoholism: subtypes useful for therapy and research, in Alcoholism: a molecular perspective. Nato Asi Series A: Life Sciences, vol. 206, ed.: Palmer T.N., Plenum Press, New York: 353-356.
  59. Levine J., Schooler N.R. (1986), “SAFTEE: a technique for the systematic assessment of side effects in clinical trials”, Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22: 343-381.
  60. LoCastro J.S., Youngblood M., Cisler R.A., Mattson M.E.,, Zweben A., Anton R.F., Donovan D.M. (2009), “Alcohol treatment effects on secondary nondrinking outcomes and quality of life: the COMBINE study”, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70: 186-196.
  61. Luquiens A., Aubin H.-J. (2014), “Patient preferences and perspectives regarding reducing alcohol consumption: role of nalmefene”, Patient Preference and Adherence, 8: 1347-1352.
  62. Luquiens A., Reynaud M., Falissard B., Aubin H.J. (2012), “Quality of life among alcohol-dependent patients: How satisfactory are the available instruments? A sistematic review”, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 125: 192-202.
  63. Luquiens A., Whalley D., Crawford R.S., Laramée P., Doward L., Price M., Hawken N., Dorey J., Owens L., Llorca P-M., Falissard B., Aubin H.J. (2014), Development of Alcohol Quality of Life Scale (AQoLS): a new patient-reported outcome measure to assess health-related quality of life in alcohol use disorder”, Quality of Life Research, 24, doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0865-7.
  64. Maisel N.C., Blodgett J.C., Wilbourne P.L., Humphreys K., Finney J.W. (2013), “Meta-analysis of naltrexone and acamprosate for treating alcohol use disorders: when are these medications most helpful?”, Addiction, 108: 275-293.
  65. Mann K., Ackermann K. (2000), “The OCDS-G: Psychometric characteristics of the German Version of the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale”, Sucht, 46, S. 90-100.
  66. Mann K., Lemenager T., Hoffmann S., Reinhard I., Hermann D., Batra A., Berner M., Wodarz N., Heinz A., Smolka M.N., Zimmermann U.S., Wellek S., Kiefer F., Anton R.F., The PREDICT study Team (2013a), “Results of a double-blind, palcebo-controlled pharmacotherapy trail in alcoholism conducted in Germany and comparison with the US COMBINE study”, Addiction Biology, 18: 937-946.
  67. Mann K., Bladström A., Torup L. Gual A., van den Brink W. (2013b), “Extending the treatment options in alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled study of as-needed nalmefene“, Biological Psychiatry, 73: 706-713.
  68. Maremmani A.G.I., Bacciardi S., Rovai L., Rugani F., Massimetti E., Gazzarini D., Dell’Osso L., Maremmani I. (2014), “Six-month outcome in bipolar spectrum alcoholics treated with acamprosate after detoxification: a retrospective study”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11:
  69. -12996.
  70. Mason B.J. (2015), “Acamprosate, alcoholism, and abstinence”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76: e224-2225.
  71. Mason B.J., Lehert P. (2010), “The effects of current subsyndromal psychiatric symptoms or past psychophatology on alcohol dependence treatment outcomes and acamprosate efficacy”, American Journal on Addictions, 19: 147-154.
  72. Mason B.J., Ritvo E.C., Morgan R.O., Salvato F.R., Goldberg G., Welch B., Montero-Atienza E. (1994), “A double-blind, placebocontrolled pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral nalmefene HCI for alcohol perndence”, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 18: 1162-1167.
  73. Mason B.J., Salvato F.R., Williams L.D., Ritvo E.C., Cutler R.B. (1999), “A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral nalmefene for alcohol dependence”, Archives of General Psychiatry, 56: 719-724.
  74. Mason B.J., Goodman A.M., Dixon R.M., Hameed M.H., Hulot T., Wesnes K., Hunter J.A., Boyeson M.G. (2002), “A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interaction study of acamprosate and naltrexone”, Neuropsychopharmacology, 27: 596-606.
  75. Mason B.J., Goodman A.M., Chabac S., Lehert P. (2006), “Effect of oral acamprosate on abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: the role of patient motivation”, Journal of sychiatric Research, 40: 383-393.
  76. Maxwell C. (1978), “Sensitivity and accuracy of the Visual Analogical Scale: A psycho-physical classroom experiment”, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 6: 15-24.
  77. Meyers R.J., Smith J.E. (1995), Clinical Guide to Alcohol Treatment: The Community Reinforcement Approach, Guilford Press, New York.
  78. McNair D.M., Lorr M., Droppleman L.F. (1971), Profile of Mood States Manual, Educational and Industrial Testing, San Diego.
  79. Michael N., Erfurth A., Ohrmann P., Gossling M., Arolt V., Heidel W., Pfleiderer B. (2003), “Acute mania is accompanied by elevated glutamate/glutamine levels within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex”, Psychopharmacology, 168: 344-346.
  80. Miller W.R. (1996), Form 90: A Structured Assessment Interview for Drinking and Related Behaviors (Test Manual), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Bethesda.
  81. Miller W.R., Zweben A., DiClemente C., Rychtarik R. (1994), Motivational Enhancement TherapyManual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapist Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Project MATCH Monograph Series, vol. 2, eds.: Mattson M.E., National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
  82. Alcoholism (NIAAA), Rockville.
  83. Miller W.R., Tonigan J.S., Longabaugh R. (1995) The Drinker Inventory Consequences (DrInC): An instrument for assessing adverse consequences of alcohol abuse, in NIAAA Project MATCH Monograph Series, vol. 4, eds.: Mattson M., Marshall L.A., National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville.
  84. Müller C.A., Geisel O., Banas R., Heinz A. (2014), “Current pharmacological treatments approaches for alcohol dependence“, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 15: 471-481.
  85. Niciu M.J., Arias A.J. (2013), “Targeted opioid receptor antagonist in the treatment of alcohol use disorders”, CNS Drugs, 27: 777-787.
  86. Nowinski J., Baker S., Carroll K. (1995), Twelve-Step Fsacilitation Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Giuide for Therapist Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence, Project MATCH Monograph Series, vol. 1, eds.: Mattson M.E., National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA),
  87. Rockville.
  88. O’Malley S.S., Jaffe A.J., Chang G., Schottenfeld R.S., Meyer R.E. Rounsaville B. (1992), “Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: a controlled study”, Archives of General Psychiatry, 49:, 881-887.
  89. O’Malley S.S., Garbutt J.C., Gastfriend D.R. (2007), “Efficacy of extended-release naltrexone in alcohol dependent patients who are abstinent before tratment”, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 27: 507-512.
  90. Ongur D., Jensen J.E., Prescot A.P., Stork C., Lundy M., Cohen B.M., Renshaw P.F. (2008), “Abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission and neuronal-glial interactions in acute mania”, Biological Psychiatry, 64: 718-726.
  91. Palpacuer C., Laviolle B., Boussageon R., Reymann J.M., Bellisant E., Naudet F. (2015), “Risks and benefits of nalmefene in the treatment of adult alcohol dependence: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished doubleblind randomized controlled trials“, PLoS Medicine, 12: 1-17.
  92. Perney P., Lehert P., Mason B.J. (2012), “Sleep disturbance in alcoholism: proposal of a simple measurement, and results from a 24-week randomized controlled study of alcohol-dependent patients assessing acamprosate efficacy”, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 47: 133-139.
  93. Potgieter A.S., Deckers F., Geerlings P. (1999), “Craving and relapse measurement in alcoholism”, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 34: 254-260.
  94. Roerecke M., Sørensen P., Laramée P., Rahhali N., Rehm J. (2015), “Clinical relevance of nalmefene versus placebo in alcohol treatment: reduction in mortality risk”, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29: 1152-1158.
  95. Rolland B., Paille F., Gillet C., Rigaud A., Moirand R., Dano C., Dematteis M., Mann K., Aubin H.J. (2016), “Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence: The 2015 Recommendations of the French Alcohol Society, issued in partnership with the European Federation of Addiction Societies”, CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 22: 25-37.
  96. Rösner S., Leucht S., Lehert P., Soyka M. (2008), “Acamprosate supports abstinence, naltrexone prevents excessive drinking: evidence from a meta-analysis with unreported outcomes“, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22: 11-23.
  97. Rösner S., Hackl-Herrwerth A., Leucht S., Lehert P., Vecchi S., Soyka M. (2010), “Acamprosate for alcohol dependence”, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 9, CD004332.
  98. Schwartz TL., Chilton M., Aneja A. (2007), “ An eight-week, openlabel, prospective case series of acamprosate calcium as monotherapy for patients with comorbid anxiety symptoms and alcohol misuse: an evaluation for alcohol sobriety and anxiolysis”, Psychiatry, 4: 19-20.
  99. Schwartz T.L., Siddiqui U.A., Raza S., Costello A. (2010), “Acamprosate calcium as augmentation therapy for anxiety disorders”, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 44: 1930-1932.
  100. Skinner H.A. (1982), “The Drug Abuse Screening Test”, Addictive Behaviors, 7: 363-371.
  101. Skinner H.A., Allen B.A. (1982), “Alcohol dependence syndrome: measurement and validation”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91: 199-209.
  102. Skinner H.A., Horn J.L. (1984), Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS): User’s Guide, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto.
  103. Sobell L.C., Sobell M.B. (1992), “Timeline follow-back: a technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption”, in Measuring Alcohol Consumption: sychosocial and Biochemical Methods, eds.: Litten R.Z., Allen J.P., Humana Press, Totowa: 41-72.
  104. Sobell L.C., Sobell M.B. (1996), Alcohol Timeline Follow-back (TLFB) Users Manual, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto.
  105. Soyka M. (2014), “Nalmefene for the tratment of alcohol dependence: a current update”, International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17: 675-684.
  106. Soyka M. (2016), “Nalmefene for the tratment of alcohol use disorders: recent data and clinical potential”, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 17: 619-629.
  107. Soyka M., Rösner S. (2010), “Nalmefene for treatment of alcohol dependence”, Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 19: 1451-1459.
  108. Soyka M., Friede M., Schnitker J. (2016), “Comparing nalmefene and naltrexone in alcohol dependence: Are there any differences? Results from an indirect meta-analysis”, Pharmacopsychiatry, 49: 66-75.
  109. Spitzer R.L., Kroenke K., Williams J.B.W., Lowe B. (2006), “A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7”, Archives of Internal Medicine, 166: 1092-1097.
  110. Starosta A.N., Leeman R.F., Volpicelli J.R. (2006), “The Brenda Model: Integrating psychosocial treatment and pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorders”, Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 12: 80-89.
  111. Stewart A.L., Sherbourne C.D., Hays R.D., Wells K.B., Nelson E.C., Kamberg C., Rogers W.H., Berry S.H., Ware J.E. Jr. (1992), “Summary and discussion of MOS Measures”, in Measuring functioning and well-being: The Medical Outcomes
  112. Study Approach, eds.: Stewart A.L., Ware J.E. Jr., Duke University Press, Durham: 345-371.
  113. Stockwell T., Murphy D., Hodgson R. (1983), “The Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire: its use, reliability and validity”, British Journal of Addiction, 78: 145-155.
  114. Szabo S., on Behalf of the WHOQOL Group (1996), The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Assessment Instrument, in Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials, 2nd Edition, ed.: Spiker B., Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia: 355-362.
  115. Testino G., Leone S., Borro P. (2014), “Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption”, Minerva Medica, 105: 447-466.
  116. Tonigan J.S., Miller W.R., Brown J.M. (1997), “The reliability of Form 90: an instrument for assessing alcohol treatment outcome”, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58: 358-364.
  117. van den Brink W., Aubin H-J., Bladström A., Torup L., Gual A., Mann K. (2013), “Efficacy of as-needed nalmefene in alcoholdependent patients with at least a high drinking risk level: Results from a subgroup analysis of two randomized controlled 6-month studies”, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 48: 570-578.
  118. van den Brink W., Sørensen P., Torup L., Mann K., Gual A.; for the SENSE Study Group (2014), “Long-term efficacy, tolerability and safety of nalmefene as-needed in patients with alcohol dependence: A 1-year, randomised controlled study”, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28: 733-744.
  119. Vander der Weg M.W., DeBon M., Sherril-Mittleman D., Klesges R.C., Relyea G.E. (2006), “Binge drinking, drinking and driving, and riding with a drive who had been drinking heavily among Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Personnel”, Military Medicine, 171: 177-183.
  120. Volpicelli J.R., Pettinati H.M., McLellan A.T., O’Brien C.P. (2001), Combining medication and psychosocial treatments for addictions: The BRENDA Approach, The Guilford Press, New York.
  121. Ware J.E. Jr., Sherbourne C.D. (1992), “The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection”, Medical Care, 30: 473-483.
  122. Ware J.E. Jr., Kosinski M., Keller S.D. (1994), SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales: A User’s Manual, The Health Institute, Boston.
  123. Ware J.E.Jr., Kosinski M., Turner-Bowker D.M., Gandek B. (2002), How to Score Version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey, Quality-Metric, Lincoln.
  124. Weiss R.D., O’Malley S.S., Hosking J.D., LoCastro J.S., Swift R.; COMBINE Study Research Group (2008), “Do patients with alcohol dependence respond to placebo? Results from the COMBINE study”, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69: 878-884.
  125. Whitworth A.B., Fischer F., Lesch O.M., Nimmerrichter A., Oberbauer H., Platz T., Potgieter A., Walter H., Fleischhaker W.W. (1996), “Comparison of acamprosate and placebo in longterm treatment of alcohol dependence”, Lancet, 347: 1438-1442.
  126. World Health Organization (WHO) (2000), International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Related Harm, WHO/MSD/MSB/00.4, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/who_msd_00.4 pdf (4 april 2013, data last accessed).

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...